161-182, Najwa Al-Qattan. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding, and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. The Mughals dominated India from 1526 until the eighteenth century, when Muslim successor states and non-Muslim powers of Sikh, Maratha, and British replaced them. At the same time, a distinct Modern Persian literature came into existence in northeastern Iran, where the house of the Samanids of Bukhara and Samarkand had revived the memory of Sasanian glories. Zoroastrianism, while having a small following, is still in practice today and many Iranian festivals still center around the Zoroastrian calendar. Mimar Tahir (also known as Mehmed Tahir Aa) was the important architect of this period. The eastern lands of the Caliphate were ethnically and religiously very diverse. The culture of the Turco-Persian world in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries was tested by invading armies of inland Asia. Persian weaving flourished in the second half of the 15th century during the Safavid Dynasty. Prior. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosporus shores and the seaside waterfront mansions called yal. The composite Turko-Persian tradition refers to a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries (AD) in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). the world ( cihan; 'lem) the rosegarden ( glistan; glen) Turkey hosted the 2005 Summer Universiade in zmir and the 2011 Winter Universiade in Erzurum. After the fall of the Uyghur nomadic state, many Turkic peoples moved to Turkestan, then a predominantly Iranian and Tokharian region, which became increasingly Turkicized. The culture of Turkey (Turkish: Trkiye Kltr) combines a heavily diverse and heterogeneous set of elements that have been derived from the various cultures of the Eastern European, Eastern Mediterranean, Caucasian, Middle East and Central Asian traditions. He is one of the three greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry. There has been a good deal of intermarriage, especially among Sunni Muslims with different ethnic backgrounds. Although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, locality, tribal, and ethnic affiliation) and spoke many different languages (mostly Indo-Iranian languages like Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pushtu, Baluchi, or Kurdish, or Turkic languages like Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, Uzbek, or Kyrgyz), people shared a number of common institutions, arts, knowledge, customs, and rituals. During the years 17201890, Ottoman architecture deviated from the principles of classical times. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip (meaning both "miserable" and "strange"). [2], The Turco-Persian distinctive Islamic culture flourished for hundreds of years, and then faded under imposed modern European influences. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. [19] Another major sport in which the Turks have been internationally successful is weightlifting; as Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,[20] World and Olympic[21] championship titles. Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination. The Mughals, Persianized Turks who had invaded India from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. The closest related languages are Kurdish and Pashto. Parvin Etesami was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran. His other works are: Diwan, Asrar Nameh, Musibat Nameh, Elahi Nameh, Jawaher Nameh and Sharh ul Ghalb. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. [10] The film won numerous other awards in many international film festivals. Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. making 6 straight Euroleague Final Four appearances combined, along with winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively. The culture represents the customs and technologies that a character or county uses. Seljuqs won a decisive battle with the Ghaznavids and then swept into Khorasan, they brought Turco-Persian Islamic culture westward into western Persia and Iraq. About thirty works by Attar survive, but his masterpiece is the Mantiq at-Tayr (The Conference of the Birds). Outside of the Garip and "Second New" movements also, a number of significant poets have flourished, such as Fazl Hsn Dalarca (19142008), who wrote poems dealing with fundamental concepts like life, death, God, time, and the cosmos; Behet Necatigil (19161979), whose somewhat allegorical poems explore the significance of middle-class daily life; Can Ycel (19261999), whoin addition to his own highly colloquial and varied poetrywas also a translator into Turkish of a variety of world literature; and smet zel (1944 ), whose early poetry was highly leftist but whose poetry since the 1970s has shown a strong mystical and even Islamist influence. It is often called the "Seljuk Baroque portal." Other forms of art in Persian Culture are: Prior to the foundation of Islam in Iran, Persians are noted for the development of one of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism. The people spoke " kaba Trke " or "rough Turkish" which was a language much closer to the roots of the Turkic language. His influence in the lives of Persian speakers can be found in Hafez readings and the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art, and Persian calligraphy. The 'folk poetry' as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sunni and Shi'a traditions. " Bernard Lewis[36], Roy P. Mottahedeh. won the Kora Cup in 1996, finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001. A shared culture spread from Mediterranean to the mouth of Ganges, despite political fragmentation and ethnic diversity.[2]. A Persian miniature is a richly detailed miniature painting which depicts religious or mythological themes from the region of the Middle East now known as Iran. The Ottoman Empire indeed created a vast array of technical specialities. [23] The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables, herbs and fish. The vast majority of citizens, however, share a common Turkish culture with some regional, urban-rural, social class, and ethnic variations. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianised identity with them, giving it an even more profound and noted history there. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style "high art" in Turkey. Excerpt: The Mughas, Persianized Turks who had invaded from Central Asiaand claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm with influences from Middle Eastern cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia such as yogurt. Sinan started a new era in world architecture, creating 334 buildings in various cities. To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. His works have been translated into more than twenty languages. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of Sultanate, a temporal office alongside the Caliphate, which by that time was merely a religious office. Farsi, the official language of Iran, is historically one of the most prominent languages of the Middle East and extended regions. Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures of this period. There are approximately 110 million native speakers of Persian around the world making it one of the world's most spoken languages. They patronized literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Muslim world architecture to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. Samanids encouraged translation of religious works from Arabic into Persian. There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries; Much of the poetry and song of the ak/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated appearance of variations of Turco-Persian culture. Mahmud of Ghazni ruled over southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. It attracted many scholars and artists of the Islamic world. They are not medieval Islamic ideals, but important ideological traditions that survived an era of great change, and now are used to interpret the problems of contemporary times. [3], In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by conquering peoples to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia, Central Asia and the Tarim Basin, and large parts of West Asia. In the 13th and 14th centuries Saadi, Rumi and Hafez perfected the ghazal, lyrical poems but filled with passion. The origins of the First Turkic Khaganate is associated with Iranian elements. Their language, Istanbul Turkish, originates from the Turkic language family and they share cultural and historic backgrounds to such groups as the Ottoman Turks, Crimean Karaites, Kazahs, Uzbeks, and . Cultural affairs were marked by characteristic pattern of language use: New Persian was the language of state affairs and literature; New Persian and Arabic the languages of scholarship; Arabic the language of adjudication; and Turkic the language of the military.[16]. The complex ideas around non-Arabs in the Muslim world[11][12] lead to debates and changing attitudes that can be seen in numerous Arabic, Persian and Turkic writings before the Mongol expansion. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namk Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel ntibh (Awakening), while the journalist brahim inasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "air Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Bukhara and Samarkand swelled and formed ethnic and sectarian neighborhoods, most of them surrounded by walls, each with its own markets, caravansaraies, and public squares. February 21, 2010. 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